How and Where is AdBlue Replenished

Refilling the AdBlue tank is not a do-it-yourself task. Although it is possible to purchase the urea solution at the retailer, it is generally available only through a dealership or service shop. The systems are designed with a capacity of several gallons which transforms into several thousands of miles. Under normal vehicle operating conditions, the AdBlue tank needs to be refilled only during regularly scheduled maintenance.





Guangzhou EverBlue Chemicals Co.,Ltd has more than 9 years experience of AdBlue production, as well as the sub-branch of BlueBasic Italian company. Our main product includes AdBlue liquid, AdBlue dispenser, AdBlue production machine, SCR accessories etc.

MOPS, MES, and MOPSO, what is the difference between them

The zwitterionic buffer, also known as Good's Buffer, is a series of N-substituted sulfamic acids that have good pH stability and are inert to a variety of chemicals and enzymes. Among them, the morpholinic buffers, including MOPS Sodium Salt, MES, and MOPSO, have some common character, for example, they do not form complexes with most metal ions and are therefore suitable for solutions containing metal ions. But what is the difference between them?

Let’see the following table:

Table 1. The comparation of MOPS, MES, MOPSO.

Buffer	Structure	Full Name	Formula	pKa(25°C)	Buffering range
MOPS		3-(N-morphine) Propanesulfonic acid	C7H15NO4S	7.14	6.5~7.9
MES		2-(N-morpholino) ethanesulfonic acid	C6H13NO4S	6.1	5.5~6.7
MOPSO		3-(N-morpholino)-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid	C7H15NO5S	6.87	6.2~7.6

The application of MOPS, MES and MOPSO:

MOPS:

(1) running buffer in electrophoresis and protein purification in chromatography;

(2) Formulated into a variety of agar medium for the culture of bacteria, yeast and mammalian cells;

(3) Lysis buffer that can be used for Escherichia coli cells;

(4) as eluent in gel filtration chromatography;

(5) Northern blot as a buffer for RNA isolation and transfection;

(6) For bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay;

(7) Studies on electron transport and phosphorylation of chloroplast sample preparation

MES:

(1) Biological buffer, can be used to replace highly toxic cacodylate, and ion buffer citrate and malate;

(2) Buffered media commonly used for bacterial, yeast and mammalian cells. High concentrations of MES are toxic to most plants, but can be used in plant media at concentrations ~10 mM;

(3) as a buffer for studying Tau protein in culture;

(4) Because of its low ion mobility and low conductivity at high concentrations, it can be used in many types of electrophoresis and chromatography including capillary electrochromatography, gel filtration chromatography, phosphocellulose column chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography, cation exchange chromatography and SDS-PAGE;

(5) Complex with organotin (IV) molecules as antitumor agents.

MOPSO:

(1) use as a carrier electrolyte in capillary electrophoresis, and as a crystallization buffer for glutathione synthetase;

(2) used in fluorescence spectrometry, spectrophotometry and isothermal titration calorimetry;

(3) Interaction with the peptide backbone of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to prevent thermal denaturation of BSA;

(4) as one of the buffer components for copper correlation analysis;

(5) used as a buffer carbon yeast extract medium composition;

(6) MOPSO-ethanol buffer system was prepared to fix urine-derived cells;

(7) A buffer system for the determination of biological by-products of marine crude oil.

Although Good's buffer has the advantages of not participating in and not interfering with the biochemical reaction process, not inhibiting the enzymatic chemical reaction, and not reacting with the metal ion. However, in the specific use, there are still some differences in the application range of several morpholine series buffers MES, MOPS （CAS 1132-61-2） and MOPSO. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the buffer requirements and specific experimental types so as to select the most appropriate buffer.

Edited by Suzhou Yacoo Science Co., Ltd.

The incompleted transfer of protein in WB? CAPS may help you!

We always encountered various problems in Western Blot (WB):

•  Incomplete transfer of protein?
•  High background?
•  No positive bands?

......

Below we will give corresponding solutions to the possible reasons for the problem of insufficient transfer of protein, and hope it can help you succeed in the experiment.

1. Why does the transfer of protein is needed?

Western Blot is a method in which proteins are transferred to a membrane and then detected using an antibody. For known expression proteins, the corresponding antibody can be used as a primary antibody for detection, and the expression product of the new gene can be detected by the fusion portion of the antibody.

The protein sample separated by PAGE is transferred to a solid phase carrier (for example, a nitrocellulose membrane), and the solid phase carrier adsorbs the protein with a non-covalent bond, and can maintain the type of polypeptide and its biological activity. The protein or polypeptide on the solid phase carrier is used as an antigen, and the corresponding antibody is immunoreactive, and then reacted with the enzyme or the isotope-labeled secondary antibody, and the protein expressed by specific gene is detected by substrate color development or autoradiography.

2. The reason and solution of the incompleted transferance

Reasons	Solutions
The film is not completely soaked	Use 100% methanol permeable membrane
molecular weight of Target protein is less than 10,000	Select a small pore size membrane to shorten the transfer time
The isoelectric point of the target protein is equal to or close to the pH of the transfer buffer	Try using other buffers such as N-Cyclohexyl-3-Aminopropanesulfonic Acid (CAPS) buffer (pH 10.5) or using low pH buffers such as acetate buffer
Methanol concentration is too high	Excessive methanol concentration causes the protein to separate from the SDS, thereby precipitating in the gel, while causing the gel to shrink or harden, thereby inhibiting the transfer of high molecular weight proteins. Reduce methanol concentration or use ethanol or isopropanol instead
Insufficient transfer time	Extended transfer time for thick gels and high molecular weight proteins

3. Preparation method for CAPS (CAS 1135-40-6) buffer

Please see the following table (Both concentrations of buffer and sodium hydroxide are 0.1 mol/L):

pH of CAPS Buffer	Volume （CAPS）	Volume (NaOH)
6.8	250	0
10.0	218.3	31.7
10.5	178.6	71.4
10.8	156.3	93.7
11.2	138.9	111.1

The specific operation of the preparation is: 0.1 mol/L CAPS buffer solution is first prepared in a volumetric flask. During the configuration process, the buffer has to be dehydrated at a high temperature and cooled in a desiccator; 0.1 mol/L sodium hydroxide solution is also formulated at the same time. According to the formula in the above table, a buffer solution corresponding to pH can be prepared, and sodium hydroxide is mainly used to adjust the pH.

Western blotting can be applied to detect target proteins from protein mixtures, quantitatively or qualitatively determine the expression of proteins in cells or tissues, and subsequent analysis of protein-protein, protein-DNA, and protein-RNA interactions. Film transfer is the basis of WB, and its quality is the key to the success of WB. We hope that the above methods can help you succeed in the process of transfor.

Edited by Suzhou Yacoo Science Co., Ltd.

How to check if our somabiotech Somatropin is original

Recently, we've been reported by our customers that counterfreit Somabiotech brand of HGH 10iu appeared on the market. We now inform you that all our Somabiotech somatropin is with anti-counterfeit labels, if there is no anti-counterfeit label in the packaging, all are considered to be counterfeit products.

You can also verify the Security code in our website. Here it is the link for it:
http://v.cnbyi.com/kh/Somabiotech/ac.htm

How to choose a polypropylene model suitable for your enterprise sewage treatment？

How to choose a polypropylene model ？

Although polyacrylamide is favored by everyone in sewage treatment, it is not a panacea, not a single model can solve all the problems, and different types and models of polyacrylamide are needed for different water quality of sewage.


Different enterprises of the nature of the wastewater is different, have plenty of acidic water, have plenty of alkaline water quality, and water quality is neutral, some containing oil, some contain lots of organic compounds, some color, some contain large amounts of sediment, there are all kinds of situation, foshan jianmei aluminum group is a large aluminum plant, the company to provide customers the anionic polyacrylamide have solved the problem of aluminum sewage, and get the customers satisfied with the products. So, how to choose the right polyacrylamide better and more reasonably?


Generally speaking, the treatment effect of cationic polyacrylamide is good for wastewater with acidic water quality, and anionic polyacrylamide is good for wastewater with alkaline water quality. Of course, the quality of neutral sewage shows relatively alkaline and acidic sewage is easy to treat. If the water quality of sewage is too acidic, it is generally difficult to treat. The usual practice is to add alkali into the sewage to adjust the ph of sewage so that the sewage reaches the best neutral level.
On the contrary, if the sewage shows high alkaline strength, it is necessary to add acid to adjust the ph of the sewage. Through repeated experimental comparison, select the model with the best experimental effect, and then check whether the selected model is also suitable for production in the actual production process.

Preparation of porous zinc oxide microspheres guided by HEPES

HEPES is abbreviated of 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid, which is a Good's buffer with pH buffer range of 6.8~8.2, and widely used in cell culture because of its good ability at maintaining physiological pH. It can also be used to prepare porous zinc oxide microspheres.

As a II-VI semiconductor compound, zinc oxide has a band gap of 3.37 eV and an exciton binding energy of 60 meV. Due to its special piezoelectric and optical properties, zinc oxide is widely used in many fields such as solar cells, sensors, and voltage sensitive resistors, piezoelectric materials, antibacterial agents, and photocatalysis fields. The morphology and size of zinc oxide have an important influence on its properties and applications, especially porous zinc oxide microspheres, which exhibit low density and high specific surface properties in catalysts, gas sensors, drug delivery and other fields.

At present, different methods have been reported to synthesize porous zinc oxide microspheres, such as high temperature calcination, chemical vapor deposition, and chemical bath deposition. However, these methods have high reaction temperatures, are complicated to operate, and are difficult to control. The solvothermal method is widely used for the synthesis of zinc oxide micro/nano materials due to its simple equipment and mild reaction conditions. However, the synthesis of porous zinc oxide microspheres by solvothermal method often requires the addition of a templating agent or a porogen. After the completion of the reaction, further post-treatment is required to remove the templating agent, which increases the complexity of the process and environmental pollution.

In order to solve the above problems, the researchers [1] developed a preparation method for porous zinc oxide microspheres by using HEPES molecules, which has low cost and simple operation, and the obtained zinc oxide has uniform morphology, high specific surface area and multi-stage pore structure. The specific operations are as follows:

(1) 2~6 mmol of organic zinc salt (zinc acetate or zinc acetylacetonate) are sonicated in 30~70mL organic solvent (TEG, DEG, EG, DMF) for 10 minutes, then add 2~8 mmol HEPES;

(2) The mixed solution is placed in a stainless steel high pressure autoclave lined with 100 mL of polytetrafluoroethylene, and reacted at 150°C for 6 to 18 hours;

(3) The obtained product was washed by centrifugation at 10000 rpm/min for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was removed, repeat 5 times to remove the residual solvent and HEPES. The product was dried in a 60°C oven for 24 hours and then naturally cooled.

In this method, HEPES molecules play an important role in the formation of porous zinc oxide microspheres. After the addition of the HEPES molecule, it is adsorbed on the surface of the nucleus by electrostatic interaction with the zinc oxide seed crystal in the sol. The presence of the HEPES molecule blocks further clustering and aggregation of the nucleus. Porous zinc oxide microspheres are formed by the continued growth of the HEPES molecules under solvothermal conditions. The HEPES molecules and solvent in the surface and voids of the microspheres can be completely removed after multiple washings with deionized water.

HEPES (CAS 7365-45-9) molecules have the advantages of non-toxicity and environmental friendliness. The method is easy to operate, simple in equipment, low in synthesis temperature, low price in raw materials, good in repeatability, and suitable for industrial production. The prepared porous zinc oxide microsphere has the advantages of uniform size, multi-stage pore structure (pore size 4~30 nm) and large specific surface area (43.4~69.6m2/g), and can be used as photocatalyst and gas sensor.

Reference

[1]CHEN Rong, LI Qin, YANG Hao, Lv Zhong. A preparation method of porous zinc oxide microspheres guided by HEPES molecularly. 2014, CN103482682A.

Edited by Suzhou Yacoo Science Co., Ltd.

Modification of zein functional drug-loaded microsphere with TRIS

As a common biological buffer, Tris(Hydroxymethyl)Aminomethane (TRIS) is not only widely used as a solvent for nucleic acids and proteins, but also as one of the main components of protein electrophoresis buffers. It can also produce a variety of chemicals and pesticides, pharmaceutical products, and it is an important intermediate for the preparation of surfactants, vulcanization accelerators and some drugs. This article will introduce another role of TRIS——modified zein functional drug-loaded microspheres.

As a natural hydrophobic macromolecule, zein has a wide range of sources, it is non-toxic, non-immunogenic, and has good biocompatibility and biodegradability. It is one of the few hydrophobic biopolymers that are allowed to be taken orally by the FDA：

(1) Its amino acid composition is very special, the proportion of non-polar amino acids is more than 50%. It can embed various substances such as polysaccharides. DNA, RNA, proteins, metal nanoparticles, quantum dots, oil droplets, and hydrophobic drugs;

(2) The amino acid residues on zein carry certain polar groups (such as ‐SH, ‐COOH, ‐NH3, and ‐OH), it provides the possibility to graft various functional molecules for chemical reaction sites and adapt to the complex and varied human environment.

Therefore, zein is an advantageous drug carrier material. However, the proportion of sulphur-containing amino acids in zein is only 2.8%, the ratio of basic amino acids is only 2.9%, and the proportion of hydroxyamino acids is 13.4%, which limits the selection of functional molecules and the effect of modification. To improve this, the researchers modified it with TRIS, including the following steps [1]:

(1) The zein and the amino protecting agent di-tert-butyl dicarbonate are dissolved in a specific dimethyl sulfoxide or ethanol aqueous solution at a mass ratio of 1:1~1.5:1, and protected from light at 25~40°C. The reaction is carried out for 12~24 hours to obtain a zein protection solution;

(2) Under the protection of nitrogen, add carbodiimide salt, N-hydroxysuccinimide and TRIS (CAS 77-86-1) to the zein protection solution, and avoid the light reaction at 25-40°C for 12~24 hours. To obtain a TRIS-zein solution;

(3) under the protection of nitrogen, adding concentrated hydrochloric acid to the tris-zein solution, and avoiding light reaction at 25-40°C for 6-8h;

(4) adjusting the pH to 5.0~6.0, transferring to a dialysis bag, centrifuging the retained solution in the dialysis bag, and lyophilizing to obtain TRIS-zein;

(5) Dissolving the hydrophobic drug and the lyophilized TRIS -zein in an aqueous solution of ethanol at a mass ratio of 1:1 to 1:10; and injecting hydrochloric acid having a pH of 2.5 to 4.5 under magnetic stirring. In the aqueous solution, after stabilization, the supernatant is centrifuged to obtain a drug-loaded microsphere;

(6) Functional modification of drug-loaded microspheres: separately prepare solutions containing different functional molecules, disperse the drug-loaded microspheres into a solution containing functional molecules, stir the reaction, centrifuge to remove the supernatant, and obtain functional drug carrying microsphere. The drug microspheres have a particle size of 100~300 nm and a drug-loading efficiency of 81.48~86.01%, and the grafting amount of the functional molecules is 1.72~1.94 times that of the unmodified zein microspheres.

The coupling of TRIS to zein significantly improves the physicochemical properties of zein. The prepared microspheres have good sphericity, uniform particle size distribution, high drug-loading efficiency, and are suitable for in vivo delivery. This research expands the application of zein in drug delivery systems and has a good application prospect in the field of medicine.

References

[1] Jiang Yanbin, Pang Jiafeng, Lu Shan, Li Zhixian, Trimethylolamine modified zein functional drug-loaded microspheres and preparation method. 2018, CN108403662A.

Edited by Suzhou Yacoo Science Co., Ltd.

How to distinguish the quality of the Sn-salt electrolytic coloring additives

According to our company's years of experience in the industry and customer feedback, we have learned that there are some problems in many Sn-Salt Electrolytic Coloring Agent in the market:

1.Many Sn-salt coloring additives contain benzene, which is a first-grade carcinogenic substance. The long-term use of Sn-Salt Electrolytic Coloring Additives containing benzene has great harm to the operating technical workers in the workshop. Severe coma, convulsions, and circulatory failure leading to death.

2. Poor stability and turbidity of tank liquid.

3. Coloring tank coloring background color is not stable. After the profile coloring, it is easy to have problems such as Yin and Yang and color unevenness.

The Sn-salt electrolytic coloring agent produced by our company is a new environmental protection product. It has avoided the common problems and has been well feedback by new and old customers.

1.Our company's formula absolutely does not contain benzene harmful substances.

2.This product is especially stable for tin sulfate and stable for pigmentation. It is the purest blue and yellow color system in the market, which is very clear and easy to grasp.

3.The color tank is colorless and transparent, as clear as water. Low cost, good quality, high yield. The tank is well maintained and the production wastewater is easy to be treated.

Our company is mainly engaged in the research, development, production and marketing of wastewater treatment chemical products (such as:Polyacrylamide,Alkali Aluminium Chloride,Chrome Removal Agentetc) and aluminum surface treatment chemical products (Neutralizing Agent,Sealing Agent etc)We use chemical reactions to decompose the pollutants in sewage, and always abide by the management concept of "Honesty first, Customer first, Quality first". We are always ready to do our best for you!

Principles for selection of sewage treatment processes

1. The main technical and economic indexes of process selection include: treatment of unit water investment, reduction of unit pollution investment, treatment of unit water consumption and cost, reduction of unit pollutant power consumption and cost, occupation of land, operation performance reliability, management and maintenance of the degree of difficulty, overall environmental benefits and so on.

2. Urban wastewater treatment technology should be selected according to the treatment scale, water quality characteristics, environmental functions of the receiving water body, local actual conditions and requirements, and selected after comprehensive technical and economic comparison.

3. It is necessary to determine the influent water quality of sewage, optimize the parameters of process design, and make a detailed investigation or determination of the current water quality characteristics of sewage, and make a reasonable analysis and prediction. The composition of water quality is complex. When special, the dynamic test of sewage treatment process should be carried out, and the pilot study should be carried out if necessary.

4. The new process should be adopted actively and prudently. For the new process that is applied for the first time, it must pass pilot test and production test, and provide reliable design parameters before application.

5. In the construction of the same sewage plant by stages, the same process should be adopted in each stage, and the construction scale of each stage should be the same as possible.

Related reading:Aluminium Chloride for Sewage Sludge Dewatering

Technology of waste Water Recycling and treatment in Printing and dyeing Industry

Printing and dyeing industry uses a large amount of water.Usually,the water consumption of 1 ton of textile for each printing and dyeing process is 100 ~ 200 tons, of which 80% of the dyeing wastewater discharged. Commonly used printing and dyeing wastewater treatment methods are recycling and harmless treatment.

Recycling is divided into three aspects:

1. The wastewater can be recycled according to the characteristics of water quality, such as bleaching and cooking wastewater and dyeing printing wastewater can be recycled separately, the former can be used for convection washing.

2. The recovery and utilization of alkali liquor is usually recovered by evaporation method. If the amount of alkali liquor is large, it can be recovered by evaporation. The amount of alkali liquor is small and can be recovered by evaporation of film.


3. The recovery and utilization of dyestuffs, such as the acidizing of the sulphide acid, colloidal particles, suspended in the residual solution, and recovery and utilization after precipitation and filtration.


There are three different methods for the innocuous treatment of printing and dyeing wastewater:

1. Physical treatment including precipitation and adsorption, and so on. The precipitation method is mainly used to remove the suspended matter in the wastewater, and the adsorption method is mainly used to remove the dissolved pollutants and decolorization.

2. Chemical treatment including neutralization, coagulation and oxidation, etc. The neutralization method can adjust the PH of wastewater and reduce the chroma of wastewater。The coagulation method is to remove disperse dyes and colloids from wastewater.The oxidation method is to oxidize the reducing substances in waste water and precipitate vulcanized dyes and vat dyes.


3. Biological treatment including activated sludge, biological turntable, biological drum and biological contact oxidation, etc. In order to improve the effluent quality and meet the discharge standards or recovery requirements, it is often necessary to adopt several methods of combined treatment.



Related reading:High Quality Wastewater Treatment

How SCR technology works?

AdBlue  DEF is a consumable that must be used in SCR technology.

SCR technology uses a catalyst system can effectively reduced the emission of nitrogen oxides and solid particles produced by diesel engines into nitrogen and water.The main components of the SCR system include the catalyst, the AdBlue injection unit, the urea tank and the AdBlue dose controller.

Process of SCR technolog : the urea tank automatically ejects the AdBlue (diesel exhaust fluid ) when nitrogen oxides are found in the exhaust pipe and the oxidation-reduction reaction of AdBlue and nitrogen oxides in SCR catalytic reaction tank produces non-pollution nitrogen and water.

With the intelligent control of SCR system, the car will be unable to start when the AdBlue in the urea tank is insufficient .In order to ensure the normal running of the vehicle, there should be sufficient AdBlue for the vehicle.

TRIS, Bis-Tris, Tricine, TES, TAPS, What is the difference in application?

TRIS(Tris(Hydroxymethyl)Aminomethane), Bis-Tris, Tricine, TES, TAPS are buffers commonly used in biochemical experiments and molecular biology experiments, and they all contain the structure of TRIS. Then what are the differences in application between these buffers?

We hope that the following table could solve your doubts.

Table 1. The application of TRIS, Bis-Tris, Tricine, TES, TAPS

In specific use, buffers containing the TRIS (CAS：77-86-1) structure will form a strong or weak complex with a variety of metal ions, so the stability constant should be taken into account. In addition, the buffer range and the appropriate type of experiment also should be considered in order to obtain the best experimental results.

Edited by Suzhou Yacoo Science Co., Ltd.

HEPES and PIPES buffer, what differentiates them?

In biochemical experiments, buffer solution plays an indispensable role, it can resist the influence of a small amount of strong acid and alkali and maintain the pH value closest to the physiological environment for the system. HEPES (4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid) buffer and PIPES buffer are both commonly used in biological experiments, both of which are Good's buffers and have similar structures. Many people often have doubts: Besides the structure, what is the difference between them?

Similarities between HEPES and PIPES buffers

HEPES and PIPES buffers, even all Good's buffers, have the following characteristics:

(1) pKa value between 6.0 and 8.0;

(2) High solubility in water;

(3) Membrane impermeability and not easy to penetrate biofilm;

(4) Limited impact on biochemical reactions, chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis, and no complex or precipitation with metal ions;

(5) Very low absorption of visible light and ultraviolet light;

(6) Ion concentration, solution composition and temperature have little effect on dissociation;

(7) Not participate or interfere with biochemical processes

What is the difference between them?

In summary, both HEPES buffer (CAS 7365-45-9) and PIPES are Good’s buffers, which do not form stable complexes with metal ions and are suitable for solution systems containing metal ions. However, there is also a certain difference between them. Therefore, when selecting the above buffer, we need to comprehensively consider the suitability of the experimental system and the difference in the nature of the two.

Edited by Suzhou Yacoo Science Co., Ltd.

Comparison of the Buffer Range Between MOPS and Other Buffers

The Good's Buffer is a series of N-substituted sulfamic acids that have good pH stability and are inert to a variety of chemicals and enzymes. 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid, referred to as MOPS, is one of Good's Buffer, it plays a very important role in the biological experiments.

What are specific experiments MOPS used in?

The buffer range of MOPS is between 6.5 and 7.9, which is

(1) Suitable for the study of electron transfer and phosphorylation of the chloroplast thin layer;
(2) Can be prepared into a variety of agar medium and used as a non-toxic buffer in Streptomyces culture and cephalosporin production, and Lysis buffer that can be used for Escherichia coli cells;
(3) Can be used as electrolyte system components for isoelectric focusing electrophoresis (IEF) of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis;
(4) Can be used in Northern hybrid, as RNA separation and membrane buffer;
(5) Can be used for bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay.

Comparison of the buffer range between MOPS (CAS 1132-61-2) and other buffers:

Table 1. The buffering range of MOPS and other buffers.

How to prepare the MOPS buffer?

The preparation method of commonly used 10× MOPS buffer is as follows:

1. Add 41.8g MOPS in 1L beaker;

2. Add about 700mL DEPC to stir and dissolve MOPS;

3. Use 2N NaOH to adjust the pH to 7.0;

4. Add the following reagents to the solution: 20mL of 1M NaOAc (DEPC treated), 20mL of 0.5M EDTA (pH 8.0) (DEPC treated), EDTA has a good complexation effect for the divalent, trivalent metal cations, and can effectively reduce the concentration of free metal cation ion. It also can make the pH stable; EDTA can also be used to suspend some of the enzymatic reaction;

5. Set the solution to 1L with DEPC treated water;

6. Remove impurities with 0.45μm filter;

7. Store at room temperature.

MOPS buffer is a zwitterion buffer, if the usage amount is small, it should be properly split charging. For safety and health, experimenter should wear clothing and disposable glove. If accidentally contact with the eyes, the operator should immediately rinse with plenty of water and seek medical attention.

Edited by Suzhou Yacoo Science Co., Ltd.

Related Reading: 3 n morpholino propanesulfonic acid buffer,high purity 3 n morpholino propanesulfonic acid

Preparation Of Graphene Using Guanidine Hydrochloride As Reducing Agent

Guanidine hydrochloride, which is often used as an intermediate in medicines, pesticides, dyes and other organic compounds, is an important raw material for sulfonamides and folic acid; it can be used as a strong denaturants in the extraction of total RNA from cells, and used for denaturation and complexation of proteins. It can be used as an antistatic agent for synthetic fibers. In addition, it can also be used as a reducing agent to prepare graphene.

Graphene is a two-dimensional crystal composed of carbon atoms with only one layer of atomic thickness. It is an ultra-thin material with high strength and toughness. It has a large breaking strength which is 200 times more than steel. It has 20% stretching range and excellent electrical conductivity.

Due to its unique quantum effect and excellent electrical, thermal and mechanical properties, graphene has broad application in nanoelectronic devices and integrated circuits, flexible electronic devices, ultra-high sensitive sensor devices and other new electronic devices, composite materials, solar cells, super capacitors, hydrogen storage materials, etc.

The Existing Preparation Method

At present, preparation methods of graphene mainly include physical mechanical stripping method, vapor deposition method and chemical method. Mechanical methods include micro-mechanical stripping methods, epitaxial growth methods and heating of SiC. It is difficult to prepare graphene with large area and uniformly thick.

Compared with physical methods, chemical method for preparing graphene has a high yield. It has the advantages of simple preparation method, low cost and large-scale production, and thus becomes a common method for preparing graphene. However, in the reduction of graphene oxide, the selected reducing agents are mainly hydrazine hydrate and its derivatives, NaBH4, p-phenylenediamine, sulfur compounds, etc. Most of the reducing agents are toxic and explosive, which is not conducive to large scale production.

Therefore, it is necessary to develop a simple, efficient, low-cost and environmentally friendly method.

The researchers developed a method for preparing graphene with guanidine hydrochloride (CAS 50-01-1) as a reducing agent [1]:

(1) Dispersing graphene oxide in water, treating with a cell disrupter for 20~90min and then continuing ultrasonic for 10~60min to obtain a uniformly dispersed graphene oxide with a concentration of 0.1~10mg/mL;

(2) Adding soluble polymer (one of polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylamide, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, hydroxymethyl cellulose, polyacrylic acid) to the graphene oxide dispersion, ultrasonic dispersion 5~30min, a mixed solution of polymer and graphene oxide is obtained, and the mass concentration of the soluble polymer in the mixed solution is 0.01~0.1 mg/mL;

(3) Adding guanidine hydrochloride to the above mixed solution, the mass ratio of guanidine hydrochloride to graphene oxide is 10:1~100:1, and adding alkaline solution (10%~28% ammonium hydroxide, 0.1~5mol/L NaOH solution, 0.1~5mol/L KOH solution) to adjust the pH to 8~12, stir in the oil bath (60~100°C), the reaction time is 1~5h. The water-soluble graphene is obtained by centrifuging and washing.

The preparation method has the advantages of simple preparation process, low equipment requirement, and easy preparation of graphene in large quantities; the presence of the soluble high molecular polymer greatly improves the water solubility of the graphene, and is also beneficial to the further preparation of the graphene film. Guanidine hydrochloride (Guanidinium chloride) can be used as a reducing agent to prepare graphene which can be stably dispersed in an aqueous solution, and the prepared graphene can be used for constructing sensor and electrical device.

Reference

[1] Ma Qi, Song Jinping, Guo Yong, et al. A method for preparing graphene with guanidine hydrochloride as a reducing agent. CN104261393B, 29 June 2016.

Edited by Suzhou Yacoo Science Co., Ltd.

HOW TO TEST OUR HCG 5K IU:

1. dilute Our hcg with 50ml water;
2. Using an HCG-sensitive pregnancy test stick to test, if it is good it will show a positive.

Attention: 
Why must dilute hcg with 50ml water?. Because the pregnancy test stick can not work in  high concentrations of hcg liquid.

We heard HCG-sensitive pregnancy test sticks will show positive by testing the liquid hcg at only put 1mL-diluted bac water. That means HCG concentration is very low. Some HCG on the market is definetely below 5kiu but sell at 5Kiu.
We will shut up when some clients told me how they purchase at much lower prices. We are confident on our price and quality. Our product is competitive compared to most of other suppliers without sacrificing anything on quality.

custompeptidestech.com store is a professional modern High-tech enterprises engaged in HGH and peptide product synthesis research and development, production and sales. more details welcome to contact us.

Ipamorelin--Safest Bodybuilding Peptides

Function of Ipamorelin is similar to GHRP-6 in the way of increasing ghrelin and gastricmotility, and targeting a selective GH pulse. Differ from GHRP-2 and GHRP-6, Ipamorelin cause no hunger side effect, which makes it a versatile peptide for before-bed time dosing.
There is almost no direct impact on cortisol or prolactin production was shown when we're at high dose Ipamorelin. In this case, users can dose higher and with greater frequency without having to be worried about cortisol and acetylcholine blood plasma levels being elevated.
In short, it may be the mildest GHRP, but it is not the weakest. As a GHRP, it has shown to be one of longest lasting, and at higher doses, the most potent. Ipamorelin’s function is a slow building one that is much more like the body’s natural growth hormone (GH) release. This makes it the healthiest choice.


Sides Effects

Among the GHRP family, although Ipamorelin is the mildest and safest peptides, it still comes with side effects. Most users will find the common side effect of a head rush-like feeling and slight headaches. It is suggested that users start supplementation at a lower dose and work their way up. In addition, it is best to inject Ipamorelin 30-45 minutes before working out so that the user is getting the double benefit of both growth hormones working together to maximize results.


Dosage and Usage

Ipamorelin is also comes as a freeze dried powder like other peptides, which is very fragile. It's better to be stored in the refrigerator or at room temperature before reconstituting. Once reconstituted with bacteriostatic water, the vials must be stored in a cool dry place like your refrigerator. Insulin syringes are the best way to administer it, usually via subcutaneous injection.
Using Ipamorelin with a GHRH like CJC w/out DAC will give the users the biggest increase in GH and IGF-1 as GHRP’s and GHRH’s work together synergetically. The average dosing for Ipamorelin is 200-300mcg two to three times daily.

For the preparation of Coatings？The role of TRIS you may not know!

As we all know, Tris(Hydroxymethyl)Aminomethane (TRIS) is not only widely used as a buffer for biological and chemical experiments, but also as solvent for nucleic acids and proteins, intermediates of surfactants, pesticide and drugs. But today, we will introduce the application of TRIS you may not know——For the preparation of Coatings.

TRIS (THAM) plays four main roles in the preparation of the coating: pH regulator, crosslinking accelerators, polyester coating materials and phase change cores.

1. pH Regulator

The effective buffering range of TRIS buffer is pH 7.0~9.2. Yuan et al. [1] invented a non-yellowing polyester coating with best pH value of 7.5~8.5 in the preparation. Researchers used TRIS buffer to adjust the pH value. The prepared product had good adhesion and scratch resistance, and it will not significantly yellowed after high temperature operation or aging.

2. Crosslinking Accelerator

Crosslinking accelerators can act as bridging molecules between linear molecules, so that multiple linear molecules are bonded to each other to form a network structure. Polyhydric alcohols are often used as external crosslinks in the preparation of coatings. Zhang Jianwei et al. [2] invented a silane modified polyurethane glass coating with TRIS as a cross-linking promoter. Which can be operated in the air at room temperature for 40min without obvious thickening phenomenon.

3. Polyester Coating Materials

Polyhydric alcohols, polyacids, catalysts and antioxidants can be used as a coating composition. Deng Mujian et al. [3] used TRIS as the polyhydric alcohols to react with the polybasic acid or anhydride terephthalic acid or isophthalic acid, to obtain an outdoor dry blending powder coating polyester resin.

4. Phase Transition Core

When the temperature reaches the phase transition temperature, the structure of the polyol phase transition material will change from the layered body-centered structure to the isotropic facial-centered structure, and the hydrogen bonds between the layers are broken, molecules change from crystalline to amorphous, and release bond energy. It has the advantage of large enthalpy of phase change, stable performance, long service life. Gao Hongyi et al. [4] used the polyol characteristics of TRIS as a phase change core to prepare an airgel based phase transition coating.

TRIS (CAS 77-86-1) is not only an important biological buffer, but also an important material for organic synthesis. Although the application in the field of coatings is not very extensive, but with the development of science and technology, we believe that TRIS will get more applications in this area in the future.

References

[1] San C. Yuan, Mitchell S. Chinn. Non-yellowing polyester coating composition. US 7,087,672 B2, August 8, 2006.

[2] Zhang Jianwei, Du Houjun, Wang Yudong, et al. Silane modified polyurethane glass primer and preparation method. CN 102516921 B, 2013, 10, 02.

[3] Deng Mujian, Zhang Liangfu, Cao Yongyi, and so on. Preparation of polyester resin for outdoor dry blending powder coating. CN 102719180, 2012, 10, 10.

[4] Gao Hongyi, Feng Yanhui, Zhou Xiaofei. A preparation method of air-gel-based thermal phase transition coating. CN 105199472, 2015, 12, 30.

Edited by Suzhou Yacoo Science Co., Ltd.

EDOT(126213-50-1) as electrolyte additive for lithium ion battery

The safety of lithium ion battery is one obstacle to limit its large-scale application in automobile. Some researches show that decomposition of electrolyte on cathode under high potential is one reason leading to the thermal runaway or even the combustion of electrolyte. In order to solve the above problem, one way is to form a thin film on cathode surface to prevent the decomposition of electrolyte on it. Researchers have found that 3, 4-ethylene dioxythiophene (EDOT) can be used as electrolyte additive to improve the safety of the battery. And the addition of EDOT has no effect on electrochemical performance of lithium ion battery. Some details of the experiment are described as follows.

In the experiment, LiCoO₂ was used as cathode and EDOT was added into the standard electrolyte. Oxidation potential of EDOT was measured by cyclic voltammetry which oxidation peak occurred at 3.95V, which is situated at the range of charge voltage of LiCoO₂. So EDOT can be oxidized to form polymerization film (PEDOT) on cathode surface in the first charge-discharge cycle. And TEM experiment also verifies this. The polymerization film on cathode surface suppresses the decomposition of electrolyte to improve the lithium ion battery safety.

The thermal stability of LiCoO₂ cathode after delithiation in the electrolyte with EDOT or without is detected by DSC. The experiment results show that PEDOT-modified cathode has a 26% exothermic reduction. And this demonstrates the heat generation due to electrolyte decomposition is reduced to a certain extent. The cyclic performance of the full cell shows that the capacity retention is improved for the electrolyte with addition of EDOT.

In a word, EDOT polymer as electrolyte additive can improve the safety of lithium ion battery. And it has no effect on electrochemical performance of lithium ion battery.

Edited by Suzhou Yacoo Science Co., Ltd.